Department of pathomorphology

Pathomorphologic (histologic) investigation – it is a method of detailed studying of human organism to define pathologic process at tissue level. It has a significant importance for verification and determining of disease study, carrying out differential diagnosis, and dynamic control during medial, radiation, surgical and cytostatic treatments. Specimen for histologic analysis can be taken by biopsy under direct visual control (endoscopy, US, CT and MRI) or during operative procedure. During endoscopic investigation of gastrointestinal system, biopsy is a standard diagnostic procedure.

Methods of investigation
1. Routine cytological examination;
2. Express cytological examination (for surgical interventions);
3. Histological examination;
4. Express histological examination;
5. Immunohistochemical study;
6. Autopsy, and archiving of materials;
Cytological examination
The name of this method is derived from the combination of the Greek words kytos (cell) and logos (teaching), literally – the study of cells. Its essence in the analysis with the help of a microscope features the structure of the cellular composition of the biomaterial: changes in nuclei, in the cytoplasm. Most often, “cytology” is understood as a gynecological cytological study, but the cytological method is also used in the study of sputum, exudate from joints, imprint of removed tissues, prostate juice, etc.
The cytological method allows to reveal various pathologies in the development of cells. The research is based on the same principle as in the histological analysis of the biopsy material – morphological, but in this case only a very small amount of biomaterial is required. Cytological preparation – smear-imprint or scraping – can be done within a few minutes, without using special equipment. Also, unlike a biopsy, the analysis is less invasive.

Cytological examination is one of the most accurate analyzes that medicine currently offers. On average, for all methods the accuracy of the results is close to 100%. Sensitivity – the ability of tests not to give false – negative results – approximately 94% for all types of cytological analysis. Specificity, that is, the ability not to give false positive results in the absence of disease, varies from method to method, but usually not less than 99%.

Histological examination

Histological examination is the study of cells of a biopsy specimen (a sample of the affected tissue) under a microscope. It sounds simple enough, but in fact this method is rather complicated, it involves various technologies for processing biomaterials and various methods of microscopy. Biomaterial for histological examination can be samples of various tissues – skin, mucous membranes, muscles. Sometimes a histological examination is subjected to a smear – epithelial cells, taken with a special soft brush.
When is a histological examination performed? This method of diagnosis is used in many areas of medicine. This method is particularly valuable in the study of neoplasms – it allows one to determine their character (benign or malignant), the rate of growth, the effectiveness of therapy. Histological studies are widely used in such areas of medicine as gastroenterology, otorhinolaryngology, gynecology, urology, hematology, pulmonology, nephrology and others. Histological examination is necessarily prescribed for suspected tumors, as well as for determining the stage of the process. It is performed before the appointment of antitumor therapy and during treatment to monitor its effectiveness (and, if necessary, its correction).

 

 

In modern medicine, two methods of conducting histological examination are used. In the usual method, the resulting biopsy is treated with a fixative that does not allow it to decay under the action of enzymes, and is compacted with paraffin. Then the resulting preparation is cut into a microtome into “slices” with a thickness of not more than 8 μm and stained. After this, the drug is examined with a microscope and is rendered a conclusion. Usually the results are ready in 7-10 days. The longest time you have to wait for the results of a biopsy specimen of bone tissue – about 2 weeks. However, sometimes the results of a histological examination are needed by the doctor immediately, within an hour – for example, during an operation, when the question arises of the immediate removal or preservation of the organ. In this case, an accelerated technique of histological examination is used, in which the biopsy is frozen, cut with a microtome and immediately carried out microscopy. The survey takes only an hour or less.

Immunohistochemical study

Immunohistochemical (IHC) study is a method of identifying specific antigenic properties of malignant tumors. Immunohistochemical methods are used to detect the localization of a particular cellular or tissue component (antigen) in situ by binding it to labeled antibodies and are an integral part of modern cancer diagnostics, providing detection of localization in tissues of various cells, hormones and their receptors, enzymes, immunoglobulins, components cells and individual genes.
IGH study begins with the sampling of the drug. For this, a trepan biopsy is performed, in which the tissue is taken from the tumor and nearby tissues, or the material comes from the operation. Then the material is fixed. After fixing, the material is sent to the wiring, which allows to prepare it for operation (degrease and additionally fix). After posting, all samples are filled with paraffin, receiving histological blocks. They enter into perpetual storage, therefore it is possible to carry out a research of IHC in the presence of paraffin blocks made earlier.

 

 

The next stage of IHC research is microtemping – the lab assistant makes sections with paraffin blocks up to 3.0 μm thick and places them on special histological glasses.
Subsequent routine coloring, special coloration and immunohistochemical examination are produced, allowing at each stage to more and more differentiate the phenotype and tumor nosology.

Pathomorphology department

Coworkers of the department:
Scientific advisor of the department doctor of medical sciences, Nishonov Doniyor Anarboyevich
Head of the department: Madaliev Axror Aliyevich
Physicians: Khamidov Sirojiddin Yunuskhonovich

Contacts of the department : tel: +998 (71) 246-98-64